What Is Self-Concept in Psychology

Self-concept is our personal knowledge of who we are, encompassing all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves physically, personally, and socially. Self-concept also includes our knowledge of how we behave, our capabilities, and our individual characteristics. Our self-concept develops most rapidly during early childhood and adolescence, but self-concept continues to form and change over time as we learn more about ourselves. Key Takeaways Self-concept is an individuals knowledge of who he or she is.According to Carl Rogers, self-concept has three components: self-image, self-esteem, and the ideal self.Self-concept is active, dynamic, and malleable. It can be influenced by social situations and even ones own motivation for seeking self-knowledge. Defining Self-Concept Social psychologist Roy Baumeister says that self-concept should be understood as a knowledge structure. People pay attention to themselves, noticing both their internal states and responses and their external behavior. Through such self-awareness, people collect information about themselves. Self-concept is built from this information and continues to develop as people expand their ideas about who they are. Early research on self-concept suffered from the idea that self-concept is a single, stable, unitary conception of the self. More recently, however, scholars have recognized it as a dynamic, active structure that is impacted by both the individual’s motivations and the social situation.    Carl Rogers’ Components of Self-Concept Carl Rogers, one of the founders of humanistic psychology, suggested that self-concept includes three components: Self-Image Self image is the way we see ourselves. Self-image includes what we know about ourselves physically (e.g. brown hair, blue eyes, tall), our social roles (e.g. wife, brother, gardener), and our personality traits (e.g. outgoing, serious, kind). Self-image doesn’t always match reality. Some individuals hold an inflated perception of one or more of their characteristics. These inflated perceptions may be positive or negative, and an individual may have a more positive view of certain aspects of the self and a more negative view of others. Self-Esteem Self-esteem is the value we place upon ourselves. Individual levels of self-esteem are dependent on the way we evaluate ourselves. Those evaluations incorporate our personal comparisons to others as well as others’ responses to us. When we compare ourselves to others and find that we are better at something than others and/or that people respond favorably to what we do, our self-esteem in that area grows. On the other hand, when we compare ourselves to others and find we’re not as successful in a given area and/or people respond negatively to what we do, our self-esteem decreases. We can have high self-esteem in some areas (I am a good student) while simultaneously having negative self-esteem in others (I am not well-liked). Ideal Self The ideal self is the self we would like to be. There’s often a difference between one’s self-image and ones ideal self. This incongruity can negatively impact one’s self-esteem. According to Carl Rogers, self-image and ideal self can be congruent or incongruent. Congruence between the self-image and ideal self means that there is a fair amount of overlap between the two. While it is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve perfect congruence, greater congruence will enable self-actualization. Incongruence between the self-image and ideal self means there’s a discrepancy between one’s self and one’s experiences, leading to internal confusion (or cognitive dissonance) that prevents self-actualization. Development of Self-Concept Self-concept begins to develop in early childhood. This process continues throughout the lifespan. However, it is between early childhood and adolescence that self-concept experiences the most growth. By age 2, children begin to differentiate themselves from others. By the ages of 3 and 4, children understand that they are separate and unique selves. At this stage, a childs self-image is largely descriptive, based mostly on physical characteristics or concrete details. Yet, children increasingly pay attention to their capabilities, and by about 6 years old, children can communicate what they want and need. They are also starting to define themselves in terms of social groups.   Between the ages of 7 and 11, children begin to make social comparisons and consider how they’re perceived by others. At this stage, children’s descriptions of themselves become more abstract. They begin to describe themselves in terms of abilities and not just concrete details, and they realize that their characteristics exist on a continuum. For example, a child at this stage will begin to see himself as more athletic than some and less athletic than others, rather than simply athletic or not athletic. At this point, the ideal self and self-image start to develop. Adolescence is a key period for self-concept. The self-concept established during adolescence is usually the basis for the self-concept for the remainder of one’s life. During the adolescent years, people experiment with different roles, personas, and selves. For adolescents, self-concept is influenced by success in areas they value and the responses of others valued to them. Success and approval can contribute to greater self-esteem and a stronger self-concept into adulthood. The Diverse Self-Concept We all hold numerous, varied ideas about ourselves. Some of those ideas may only be loosely related, and some may even be contradictory. These contradictions dont create a problem for us, however, because we’re conscious of only some of our self-knowledge at any given point in time.   Self-concept is made up of multiple self-schemas: individual concepts of a particular aspect of the self. The idea of self-schema is useful when considering self-concept because it explains how we can have a specific, well-rounded self-schema about one aspect of the self while lacking an idea about another aspect. For example, one person may see herself as organized and conscientious, a second person may see himself as disorganized and scatter-brained, and a third person may have no opinion about whether she is organized or disorganized.   Cognitive and Motivational Roots The development of self-schema and the larger self-concept has cognitive and motivational roots. We tend to process information about the self more thoroughly than information about other things. At the same time, according to self-perception theory, self-knowledge is acquired in much the same way as we acquire knowledge about others: we observe our behaviors and draw conclusions about who we are from what we notice. While people are motivated to seek out this self-knowledge, they are selective in the information to which they pay attention. Social psychologists have found three motivations for seeking self-knowledge: To discover the truth about the self, regardless of what is found.To discern favorable, self-enhancing information about the self.To confirm whatever one already believes about the self. Malleable Self-Concept Our ability to call up certain self-schemas while ignoring others makes our self-concepts malleable. In a given moment, our self-concept is dependent on the social situations in which we find ourselves and the feedback we receive from the environment. In some cases, this malleability means that certain parts of the self will be especially salient. For example, a 14-year-old may become especially aware of her youth when she is with a group of elderly people. If the same 14-year-old was in a group of other young people, she would be much less likely to think about her age. Self-concept can be manipulated by asking people to recall times when they behaved in a certain way. If asked to recall times when they worked hard, individuals are generally able to do so; if asked to recall times wen they were lazy, individuals are also generally able to do so. Many people can remember instances of both of these opposing characteristics, but individuals will generally perceive herself as one or the other (and act in accordance with that perception) depending on which one is brought to mind. In this way, self-concept can be altered and adjusted. Sources Ackerman, Courtney. What is Self-Concept Theory in Psychology? Definition Examples. Positive Psychology Program, 7 June 2018. https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/self-concept/Baumeister, Roy F. â€Å"Self and Identity: A Brief Overview of What They Are, What They Do, and How They Work.† Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1234, no. 1, 2011, pp. 48-55, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06224.xBaumeister, Roy F. â€Å"The Self.† Advanced Social Psychology: The State of the Science, edited by Roy F. Baumeister and Eli J. Finkel, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 139-175.Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What is Self-Concept and How Does It Form?† Verywell Mind, 23 May 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-concept-2795865Markus, Hazel, and Elissa Wurf. â€Å"The Dynamic Self-Concept: A Social Psychological Perspective.† Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 38, no. 1, 1987, pp. 299-337, http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503McL eod, Saul. â€Å"Self Concept.† Simply Psychology, 2008. https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.htmlRogers, Carl R. â€Å"A Theory of Therapy, Personality, and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in The Client-Centered Framework.† Psychology: A Story of a Science, Vol. 3, edited by Sigmund Koch, McGraw-Hill, 1959, pp. 184-256.

Compare and contrast The Echoing Green with The Schoolboy by

Compare and contrast The Echoing Green with The Schoolboy by William Blake Both The Echoing Green and The Schoolboy are classed under the section, Songs of Innocence, which at first suggests that they will be of a similar nature. However this presumption is dispelled early on, as one examines the issues behind the often comparable wording. Many elements in The Schoolboy do echo those in The Echoing Green and visa versa, but the atmospheres of each poem that are presented are so different that it becomes difficult to see how two such contrasting pieces of work can unite in the same genre. The Echoing Green is one of Blakes most idyllic poems, as it is set in a pastoral and carefree atmosphere, which centres†¦show more content†¦By using the image of a summer morn in the first stanza, Blake creates a tranquil and untainted atmosphere, and descriptions such as birds sing and the distant huntsman winds his horn add an auditory element in an almost identical way to the previous poem. However the serene scene does not continue into the second verse, where the tone changes and Blake describes how having to go to school ruins such a beautiful day: it drives all joy away. The use of the word drives is quite strong and terminates the flowing nature of the previous verse, and the repetition of a summer morn allows one to contrast the two verses. From hence forward, The Schoolboy continues with a fairly negative tone, switching from the first person, I drooping sit to a more philosophical stance towards the end, How shall we gather what griefs destroy?. The stoical conclusion I feel demonstrates the implications of education, and shows that, if buds are nipped, one not only damages childhood but also runs the risk of establishing a long-term effect on the individual, later on in life. Both poems use time to illustrate the changing nature of the individuals, but even this is performed in very different ways. The increasing darkness of The Schoolboy could be seen as representational of the changing seasons, adding to the aspect of the natural world in the poem, especially as the final verses

Lord Of The Flies 8 Essay Research free essay sample

Lord Of The Fliess 8 Essay, Research Paper Lord of the Fliess A Report by Mitchell Allen I The Characters # 8230 ; Ralph # 8211 ; Ralph is one of the older childs stranded on the island, one with a natural leading quality about him. He is one of the stronger, if non the strongest of the male childs ; 12 twelvemonth old with common sense to assist him acquire along on his ain ; unluckily, common sense doesn T wing excessively good with little kids. Ralph is stuck between what is considered merriment, and what needs to acquire done in order to hold peace on the island. Not a place many would wish to be in, but as he was chosen leader, he has the regard of most of the childs on the island. Piggy # 8211 ; Piggy is an eager, embonpoint child, who likes to jab his olfactory organ where it doesn t belong. Piggy is the lone 1 on the island that wears glasses to help his vision, and seems to be a character easy disliked because of his babyish personality. Although he is one of the most rational and logical minds, his thoughts are rarely heeded, chiefly because of his relentless whining. Piggy has asthma, and this makes it hard for him to work. Ralph, being the first to run into Piggy, became his defender, and defender from the other kids s inhuman treatment on the island. Jack # 8211 ; Jack Merridew is a vocalist, caput of the choir, and has an daunting visual aspect and manner of talk. Jack is covetous, and when Ralph is elected Chief, Jack forms a spot of hatred in his bosom, non uncovering it even unto himself until clip base on ballss. He is head huntsman, and likes merriment more than work, and finally wins the favour of the kids, claiming Ralph as a coward, and a individual who merely dreams about being rescued. II The Conflict # 8230 ; The chief struggle in Lord of the Flies is that a reasonably big group of male childs have been stranded on an island in the Pacific with no grownups around to take and steer them. They do put up a leading consisting of a head, and so workers who carry out the chiefs orders. This works great for about a hebdomad, but shortly the kids tyre of the work, and make non recognize the long term effects involved with non holding necessities like shelter and a signal fire, and before long, fun Rebels against common sense, turning the island into pandemonium. Finally there is a war, the huntsmans against the worker/dreamers. III How About the Themes # 8230 ; . The writer, William Golding, helped depict the subject of Lord of the Fliess when he said, The effort to follow the defects of society back to the defects in human- nature. The moral is that the form of a society must depend on the ethical nature of the person and non on any political system nevertheless seemingly logical or respectable, he goes on to state that the whole book is symbolic in nature except for the terminal deliverance where grownup life appears, dignified and capable, but in world making the same thing the kids were, contending, the patrol car on which the kids were taken from the island in is a war machine, designed to kill other sea traveling ships, but who is at that place to deliver the grownups? The other subject is about the manner people treat others. In the book there are two slayings, both in cold blood. When Jack got control, everything was consumed with hunting, and soldierly jurisprudence, in a sense, took over. Punishment consisted of whippings, being tied up and poked and battered with a lance. Human life is now regarded as about nil, though when person is killed, the are non spoken of, or referred to something that had to go on. IV Objects of Importance One of the of import objects in the novel was the Conch, a shell that could be blown and made a sound like that of a flourishing cornet. It was used as a symbol for control, whomever held the conch had the right to talk. Other of import objects in the book include Piggy s eyeglasses, used as a amplifying glass to get down fires, and that of the fire. A symbol of comfort and besides of fume, a mark to hopefully be seen, that a ship might come to the deliverance. Meat was besides something that the characters desired, but meat needed hunting, and runing involved much accomplishment, and clip, so much clip that runing ; instead than working, caused a great trade of clash between Jack and Ralph. V So What? As I was reading this book, I was able to associate to Ralph, his feelings, his confusion, as the 8th class president at my in-between school, I frequently had to state the childs the regulations, and though we wanted to hold merriment, there were certain guidelines we needed, but after a piece, those guidelines became slack, and shortly I felt as if I was keeping up the full Student Body by myself, much like the manner Ralph was as he and Simon tried to build the last shelter without outside aid. I experienced many different emotions, including fright of the same thing go oning in our society, although it has already begun. I see the characters around me, merely like they are described on the pages. I loved reading this book up until the last page, the book s scene and the characters in the book were so easy to associate to. I have been at that place, I know what it was like. The secret plan was fast paced, full of graphic item, although instead obscure at times, go forthing the rea der inquiring for another few pages. I would warn person about to read this book that it is perilously close to the truth, even though the truth is non really reasonably.

Diana Baumrind free essay sample

Baumrind is a clinical and developmental psychologist that specializes in parenting styles. Baumrind was born on August 23, 1927 in a small Jewish community in New York City; she was the first of two daughters born to Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Baumrind earned a B. A. in philosophy at Hunter College in 1948. She later received her M. A. and Ph. D. in Psychology at the University of California, Berkley; she studied developmental, clinical, and social psychology. Her doctoral dissertation was entitled â€Å"Some personality and situational determinants of behavior in a discussion group† Baumrind completed a clinical residency at the Cowell Memorial Hospital/Kaiser Permanente and was a fellow under the NIMH grant investigating therapeutic change, extending her research to families and therapy groups. By 1960 Baumrind was a clinical and developmental psychologist at the Institute of Human Development at the University of California, Berkeley. She is well known for her research on parenting styles and for her critique of deception in psychological research. She has been awarded multiple national grants over a 40-year career devoted to family socialization and parenting research. Baumrind is the author of 58 articles in journals or as book chapters, as well as three books and monographs. She has also served as an editor and consultant to numerous professional journals and has been an esteemed member of multiple national psychology organizations (Berkley University). Diana Baumrind had many different influences that directed her studies in psychology, including personal influences, historical influences, as well as influences from other psychologist. One personal influence on Baumrind’s research is the fact that she was divorced and a single mother of three daughters. She chose a research career that was supported by multiple large grants because of the flexible hours help her to balance caring for her daughters, political activism, and scholarship. Also having raising three children alone could cause one to evaluate different parenting styles in the search of trying to do what is best for the children (Kemp, 1997). The historical factor that influenced Baumrind’s research is that when she started graduate school in 1948 there was huge turmoil of the loyalty oath controversy of 1948-1949 that led to the legal battle of Tolman vs. Underhill. This historical even may had some effect on the focus of Baumrind’s research because Tolman was a senior professor at the University of California and his refusal to sign the oath resulted in a uproar at the time that could have effected many of the students that attended the university but mainly Baumrind because Tolman was in the psychology department. Another influence on Baumrind’s research was Stanley Milgram’s 1963 study of obedience to authority. Milgram’s study had a great effect on Baumrind; she was highly critical of Milgram’s study. Baumrind challenged Milgram on whether he had properly protected the welfare of the participants. She used direct quotes from Milgram’s original report to illustrate the lack of regard she said was shown to the participants. In particular she noted the detached manner in which Milgram described the emotional turmoil experienced by the volunteers (Baumrind, 1964). In Baumrind’s view, and in the view of numerous others, the levels of anxiety experienced by participants were enough to warrant halting the experiment. Milgram related his study to the behavior of people who worked in Nazi death camps and suggested that his study illuminated the way that ordinary people living ordinary lives are capable of playing a part in destructive and cruel acts. Baumrind dismissed this justification for the study and suggested there are few, if any, parallels between the behavior in the study and the behavior in the death camps. (Baumrind, 1964). Baumrind went on to publish an influential commentary on research ethics. Baumrind has continued to address ethical issues in research on humans through consultation with the American Psychological Association and published work. As we can see Milgram’s study greatly influenced Baumrind and she was sure to use ethical measures when performing her own research on humans. Baumrind was also greatly influenced by many teachers and professors, many who were closet Marxist who reinforced her social consciousness and strengthened her philosophical grounding in dialectical materialism. John Somerville, Bernard Frank Riess, and Otto Klineberg influenced Baumrind. Their research on selective migration and racial stereotypes challenged American racism and eugenics programs greatly influenced her, Klinebergian cross-cultural sensitivity permeates Baumrind’s writing on ethical theory and moral development. These three people influence her my allowing her to engage and intellectual conversation about philosophy and ethical topics that resulted in Baumrind conducting her own studies and becoming a political activist (Baumrind, 1998). Research from other psychologist also influenced Baumrind. Baumrind was influenced by the research of Theodore Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson and Nevit Sanford on anti-Semitism and the authoritarian personality. The teaching of Egon Brunswik who impressed upon her the importance of idiographic research also influenced her. The conformity research of Krech and Crutchfield also influenced her (Kurtines, 1992). Each of these different influences can be seen through different research projects and works of Diana Baumrind. Baumrind utilized something she learned from each of her influences to become the amazing psychologist she is today. Baumrind’s work on parenting styles is probably her most famous and important research. Back in the early 1960s, Baumrind conducted her famous childcare research. In her stuffy she and her research team followed more than 100 middle class children of preschool-age Baumrind’s primary research methods were interviews and observation. The aim of her child parent behavior study was to formulate and evaluate the effect of most typical Western parenting styles. The three parenting styles studied were the authoritarian parenting style, the permissive parenting style, and the authoritative parenting style. Her findings were ground breaking and the time and have since been subject to both academic acclaim and criticism. In her study Baumrind used two aspects of parenting to evaluate and from her data the 3 parenting styles were defined in relation to those two elements. The two elements that she evaluated were parental responsiveness vs. parental unresponsiveness and parental demandingness vs. parenting undemandingness. Baumrind describes responsiveness as â€Å"the extent to which parents intentionally foster individuality, self-regulation, and self-assertion by being attuned, supportive, and acquiescent to children’s special needs and demands† (Baumrind, 1991). This is basically how much the parent’s responds to their child’s needs and if they meet their child’s needs. Baumrind described demandingness, as â€Å"the claims parents make on children to become integrated into the family whole, by their maturity demands, supervision, disciplinary efforts and willingness to confront the child who disobeys† (Baumrind, 1991). Demandingness could also be described as the parents control over the child. It is the level of behavior control the parents exercise on their kids based on their expectations of â€Å"mature† behavior. The authors investigated the effects of preschool patterns of parental authority on adolescent competence and emotional health and differentiated between confrontive and coercive power-assertive practices, which accounted in part for differential long-term effects of the preschool patterns (Baumrind, 2010). The objective of the exercise of parental authority is to maintain order in the family and to help with the responsibility of the parents to lead their child from a dependent infant to a independent, self-determining, self-regulated adult. The aim of the study was to investigate how preschool patterns of parental authority contribute to adolescents’ competence and emotional health (Baumrind, 2010). For this experiment the participants were 87 families initially studied when children were preschool students, with outcomes assessed during early adolescence. Families were drawn from Baumrind’s Family Socialization and Developmental Competence longitudinal program of research. Baumrind used observational and interview data to test hypotheses relating to preschool power-assertive practices and patterns of parental authority to children’s attributes as adolescents (Baumrind, 2010). The researchers used variable-centered analyses to investigate the differential effects of 5 oercive power-assertive practices that they hypothesized were authoritarian-distinctive and detrimental and 2 confrontive practices, behavioral control and normative spanking, that they hypothesized were neither authoritarian-distinctive nor detrimental (Baumrind, 2010). Diana Baumrind came up with three parenting styles authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. In the authoritarian parenting style, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow the rules set by the parents usually results in some sort of p unishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind the rules set for the children. If asked to explain, the parents might reply, â€Å"Because I said so. † These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents are obedience and status-oriented and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation (Baumrind, 1991). Praise and reward are potentially dangerous with this style because of the idea that they may lead to children becoming â€Å"too full of themselves† and consequently developing too much autonomy and straying off the â€Å"good† path. This parenting style has a great effect on the child. Children of authoritarian parents quickly learn to adjust to the parents’ expectations. They tend to willingly obey authorities they have accepted that they must follow the rules. These children are not used to making independent choices, taking full responsibility for themselves and they do not experiment with new ways of doing things or alternative ways of thinking. Research suggests that these children are not as socially â€Å"skilled† as children from different parenting styles. These children may also find it difficult to handle frustration and they are more likely to suffer from low self-esteem, anxiety and depression (Baumrind, 1996). In the authoritative parenting style, the parents establish rules that their children are expected to follow but the parents will explain why the rules are necessary. The parent encourages verbal give and takes and questions from the child. When the child fails to meet the expectations these parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Baumrind suggests that these parents â€Å"monitor and impact clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible and self-regulated as well as cooperative† (Bower, 1989). This parenting style enforces the parent’s perspective as an adult but also recognizes the child’s individual interest and special ways. This parent affirms the child’s present qualities but also sets standards for future conduct (Baumrind, 1967). Research suggest that because of the use of positive reinforcement along with logical and fair rules set in a caring manner the child will learn that behaving and following the rules is good and they will receive positive attention. This will help the child to develop social skills and emotional regulation. It is suggested that children from authoritative parents do well in school, are self confident and goal orientated (Baumrind, 1967). In the permissive style of parenting the parents are referred to as indulgent, having very few demands to make of their children. These parents do not discipline their children because they have low expectations of maturity and self-control. Baumrind suggests that permissive parents â€Å"are more responsive then they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation (Baumrind, 1991). Permissive parents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent. This parent attempt to behave in an acceptant manner towards the child’s impulses, desires, and actions. The parent is not seen as an active agent responsible for shaping the child’s future behavior. Research suggests that the complete lack of limits, absence of authority figures and no consistent routines may lead to a sense of insecurity in the child. Because of the belief that the world is open to explore without limits the children of permissive parents are found to be more impulsive and involved in â€Å"problematic† behavior such as drug and alcohol use. These children may end up with high social skills, high self esteem and low levels of depression (Baumrind, 1966). Maccoby and Martin later added the neglectful or uninvolved parenting style. This parenting style is both low on responsiveness and low on demandingness and very little communication (Maccoby, 1992). These parents fulfill the child’s basic needs but they are usually detached and emotionally separated from their child’s life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children. The children of neglectful or uninvolved parents have very low self-esteem. No attention makes them feel unimportant. They are less socially competent and they usually perform poorly in all domains (Maccoby, 1992). Baumrind’s results showed that adolescents whose parents were classified as directive, democratic, or authoritative when the adolescents were preschool students were competent and well adjusted relative to adolescents whose parents were classified as authoritarian, permissive, or disengaged. Adolescents from authoritarian families were notably incompetent and maladjusted. Variable centered analyses indicated verbal hostility and psychological control were the most detrimental of the authoritarian-distinctive coercive power-assertive practices (Baumrind, 1991). Severe physical punishment and arbitrary discipline were also authoritarian-distinctive and detrimental. Normal punishment and confrontive discipline were neither. Confrontive discipline and maturity demands contributed to authoritative parenting’s effectiveness, whereas normative physical punishment was neutral in its effects. The findings extend the consistently negative outcomes of authoritarian parenting and positive outcomes of authoritative parenting (Baumrind, 1991). Baumrind has also studied the effect of corporal punishment on children. She concluded that the mild spanking, in the context of authoritative parenting style, is unlikely to have a significant detrimental effect, if the one is careful to control other variables. Baumrind believes that mild corporal punishment per se does not increase the likelihood of bad outcomes. (Baumrind, 1996). Many of the issues Baumrind researched and the conclusion she made are very controversial. Due to her controversial topics Diana Baumrind research had influenced many other psychologist to look into parenting styles, not only to criticize her work but also to support it. Baumrind’s research had major influences on other psychologist and the field of psychology as a whole. Baumrind’s research that led to her development of parenting styles resulted in many other psychologist conducting research to further develop her research now we know how each parenting style effects children and how certain parenting styles can be utilized for aggression, academic achievement, attachment, etc. Two psychologist who were influenced by Baumrind are Maccoby and Martin. Baumrind had such a huge effect on these two that the furthered her theory by adding a fourth parenting style. The neglectful/uninvolved parenting style where the parents had very little demandingness, communication, and responsiveness. This was good discovery for the field of psychology because it allows families that didn’t fit into the other three categories to be placed (Maccoby, 1992). With these four parenting styles psychologist were able to come up with other hypothesis about the parenting styles and other influences in combination with parenting styles such as location, culture, background, etc. Psychologist such as Turiel furthered Baumrind research on the use and miss use of cultural construct. Turiel went even further by relating this to oppression and morality (Turiel, 1998). Rodriguez also furthered Baumrind studies by researching protective parents in first generation Latinos. Not only did Rodriguez look at it in a cultural since, parenting style was also made more specific to a protective parent. This study was great for the field of psychology because it allow us to see how parenting style varied in a Latino community specifically and it was all influenced by Baumrind previous work (Rodriguez, 2009). Bowlby another psychologist influenced by Baumrind used her studies on parenting style to study attachment. Bowlby believed that attachment characterized the human personality through out their like. The representations or working models that the child has a relationship are from his or her care giving experience. Hazan and Shaffer went on to explore Bowlby ideas of attachment but in a romantic relationship. They concluded that romantic love is a property of the attachment behavioral system as well as the motivational systems that given rise to care giving and sexuality. Although Baumrind did not have a direct influence on their research, she had an indirect influence (Shaffer, 2005). Baumrind research has led to many psychological discoveries that are now used to treat patients and to help parents with their style of parenting. In conclusion Diana Baumrind development as a psychologist in addition to her research and finding had lead to many benefits in the field of psychology. Diana Baumrind has identified 3 different ways of parenting and she studied out each style of parenting may effect the child. Her research influenced others to do research concerning parenting styles, which lead to the discovery of the fourth parenting style. Out of the four parenting styles, authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and neglectful Baumrind decided that the authoritative was the best form of parent and had the chance of resulting in the most stable and self-regulated child. Baumrind’s findings also influenced other psychologist to research these four parenting styles under specific culture backgrounds. Diana Baumrind has had a major effect on psychology her parenting style are used to help diagnose and treat patients as well as give parenting advice for parents who have their child’s best interest at heart. Diana Baumrind is very important to psychology.

In the sustainability project, the CERES Educational Park proposal is the better option

Introduction In the Amcor site, there is an open land on the east side used as for residential purpose. Initially, the site had vast green land with native flora and fauna. However, this is gone and little vegetation remains due to urban encroachment.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on In the sustainability project, the CERES Educational Park proposal is the better option specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The site has been earmarked for development based on either of two proposals. These two proposals are construction of medium density housing or establish an educational park. As shown in Part B of the Sustainability Project, each of these proposals has pros and cons based on economics, environment and social sectors. Nevertheless, based on analysis one of the proposals seems the better option. Context Taking carbon footprint context as the bases of deciding between the two projects proposals, (that is, the medium d ensity housing and the educational park as discussed in Part B); the former (the educational park) is the better option for implementation. The common baseline to understand the carbon footprint hinges on the amount of gaseous emissions that are relevant to climate change and linked to human productivity and consumption activities. From a broad perspective on environment sustainability, the medium density housing proposal and allied infrastructure will lead to increased carbon emissions as well as competition for resources, while, the educational park will further acts as carbon sinks (SUNY Geneseo, 2011). Scale analysis Both spatial and temporal scales are influential in arriving at the final arguement. By having the medium density housing proposal in place, this means there will drammatic rise in the number of residents occupying the available housing space. The demand for resources will also increase. This will constrain the carbon footprint per person. The amount of resources av ailable to the current residents remains significantly the same even after inclusion of the medium density housing, this will over the time develop into a supply-demand phenomenah and eventually influence the business economics of the area.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the temporal scale, waste products and the overall net carbon dioxide emissions per hectare from the residents will increase with the extra residential units causing pressure on the sustainability of the area. As discussed in Part B, the net carbon dioxide emissions is as result of consuming fossil fuels, animals, human, bacteria and water vapour (Conversations Network, 2011). Scientific facts show that the constant earth’s temperature rise (commonly known as global warming) is as a result increased release into the atmosphere of the GreenHouse gases of which carbon dioxide is a component (Wied mann and Minx, 2007). Global warming measurements are done on annual bases. In the spatial scale, the educational park proposal provides green spaces and conservation areas. This provides an ecological environment. This is because the spaces provide recreational space. As indicated in Part B, such open spaces can be for bicycle riding and walking. This is important in lowering the gaseous emissions released through transportation as well as a means of improving their physical fitness. The presence of trees and other flora in the park act as carbon sequester and carbon sinks which aid in air purification. Presence of flora will attract faunal species like birds and butter flies, which improve the natural beauty of the park (EndPoverty 2015, 2011). Systems analysis There are AMCOR sites in Australia (Amcor Limited, 2011a). At this site, the resources that are under the economic norm include the Pub and the Dan Murphy’s as well as the Commercial Office and small business. These are both spatial and temporal in scale (Embodied water of construction et al., 2004).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on In the sustainability project, the CERES Educational Park proposal is the better option specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the environment norm, the resources present in the AMCOR site include the Yarra River and the Alphington Park. These are spatial in scale. The football field, Alphington Bowls Club, Alphington Railway Station, Alphington Primary School as well as Yarralea Children’s Centre contribute to the social norm. Based on the issues mentioned under the three norms (that is, environment, economic and social), they are interlinked and contribute significantly to the carbon footprint. Role of norms Carbon footprint is the method used to quantify the total release of greenhouse gases (GHG) in carbon equivalents from a product across its life cycle from the production of raw mater ial used in its manufacture, to disposal of the finished product (Wiedmann and Minx, 2007). The environment, social and economic norms are interlinked. The consumption and productivity of factors influence these norms. The environment norms provide the ecological resources of flora and fauna. Damming rivers found within the environment can provide safe water for drinking for residents. It is also possible to initiate hydroelectric power generation at the dammed parts of rivers. This can be included in the general grid to suppliment the non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuel (Wiedmann and Minx, 2007). This improves on the carbon footprint. Similarly, open spaces in the park can be for installing solar and wind generators. These are environmentally friendly sources of renewable energy due to low air pollution resulting from them. The low carbon release and carbon sequestration can translate to a carbon offsets project and sell credits to willing buyers. This invokes the Kyot o Protocol under the clean development mechanism and specifically the carbon reduction units. The social norm is achievable in the recreational park. This is achievable through the open spaces and conservation area. This not only provides opportunity for interaction but also for leisure. This is the green space. The creation of educational park provides the opportunity to sensitize the local residents about the environment and ecosystem.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With improved knowledge, the people become sensitive to the sustainability of the area and the availability of resources. Several factors contribute to the economic norm. These factors function to lower the carbon footprint per person. The utilization of infrastructure such as rail, road and air as means of transport become sources of pollution especially of greenhouse gasses. However, presence of green spaces counters through carbon sequestration. In the proposal of educational park, the amount of pollution associated with transport is signicantly low as compared to the case of having the additional medium density housing. This is because of the need to provide extra transport mean to cater for the populace increasing demand. Open spaces provide opportunity for people to use bicycles or walk. This not only becomes a means of cutting down transport costs and better their physical fitness but also improve their carbon footprint. Furthermore, the creation of more employment opportunit ies within the educational park raises the living standards of those living arround. However, this may lead to increase in spending for goods and services. There are two ecological costs with this. First, increase in consumption of resources means this will cause strain on available ecological resources. This may lead to over consumption and depletion of resources. This will consequently lower the carbon footprint per person. In a controlled environment, monitoring the consumption per person is possible as well as putting a threshold level. Secondly, solid waste and gasseous emissions rise with the consumption this may put strain on the sewerage systems and recycling units (Amcor Limited, 2011b). Livestock keeping leads to release of methane gas, but with the installation of biogas digesters, this can trap the gas, and used for cooking. The methane gas is a known greenhouse gas thus combusting it reduces global warming effects. The produce from farms provides organic food to people residing arround. This benefits the local employees and residents through consuming products from organic sales as they less rely on national and regional imports and they can get the products at a relative low price. This will increase local economy. Use of conceptual tools The presence of recreational parks is an important composite in promoting community interaction. This creates an arena for socialization and bonding. This strengthens relationship especially those people one is not familiar with. However, for this to be realised this depends on how well people utilize the facility (that is, the park). This can be assesed based on the people perception towards the facility. To realise the full functions of the parks, depends on the social interaction tools available to trigger socialisation. The presence of Yarra River and football grounds are example of social interaction tools. The maintenance activities of these recreational facilities will influence their status and this intu rn will dictate on the numbers flocking into them (Wiedmann and Minx, 2007). Thus, there is importance to maintain the beauty and attractions available at the park. This means checks be put in place to ensure the number of people residing or making their visits have insignificant impact on their activities. With the construction of the educational park, this will have little environment impact. This is in contrast to the construction of medium density housing. Initiating sensitization efforts on green living at the parks raises awareness on environment sustainability. It is possible to extend this into school going children who are educated green practices. The continuation of such practice brings up an environment conscious society (EndPoverty 2015, 2011). This has a significant positive impact on the sustainability of the site. To achieve better results in conservation of the environment spaces this is continuously repeated. The park has the potential for generating extra energy s ources. Some of these sources rely on the strategic position of the natural resources. For instance, the rivers and the open spaces in these park could be tapped for hydroelectric, solar and wind power. These sources are renewable and provide clean energy compared to the likes of fossil fuel which when combusted release greenhouse gasses. The industries and residential places running on fossil fuel are the massive polluters of greenhouse gasses (Wiedmann and Minx, 2007). The low carbon release and carbon sequestration can translate to a carbon offsets project and sell credits to willing buyers. Conclusion Based on analysis of society, environment and economics, the benefits of implementing an educational park outweigh those of medium density housing. The arguement on the carbon footprint justifies this. The carbon footprint concept is based on resources available and waste handling capacity allocated per person in the Amcor site. The carbon footprint per person is higherfor educatio nal park proposal based on green space allocation, greenhouse gas emissions and solid waste handling. References Amcor Limited. (2011a) AMCOR. Web. Available at:Â  https://www.amcor.com/ . Amcor Limited. (2011b) Australian National Packaging Covenant Web. Available at: https://www.amcor.com/about . Conversations Network. (2011) Environmental Sustainability Educational Podcasts Web. Web. Embodied water of construction ,Treloar, G. ; McCormack, M.; Palmowski, L. ; Fay, R. (2004) Embodied water of construction. In, Royal Australian Institute of Architects. BDP Environment design guide (pp.1-8). Royal Australian Institute of Architects EndPoverty 2015. (2011) Environmental Sustainability Web. Web. SUNY Geneseo. (2011) What is Environmental Sustainability? Web. Available at:Â  https://www.geneseo.edu/ Wiedmann, T and Minx, J. (2007) A Definition of ‘Carbon Footprint’. Web. Web. This report on In the sustainability project, the CERES Educational Park proposal is the better option was written and submitted by user Kale Rodriguez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Adolesent Internet Shopping Essay

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Chucks Wagon Inc and the Experience of a HBS Student - Case Study Example The case of Chuck’s Wagon Inc describes the experience of an HBS student as he has been taken a challenge of transition from an intern to a president at Chuck’s wagon Inc. This paper aims to provide the appropriate suggestion for the organization in order to improve the performance of the organization and take the organization out of the bad situation. In order to gain this objective paper has been distributed into 4 major sections in first section Swot analysis has been conducted and on the basis of the analysis, a decision to eliminate the lowest sale products has been proposed. In the second section, two performance measurement methods have been discussed such as financial and non-financial and appropriate suggestion regarding performance measures has been made. The third section is consists of the incorporation of performance measures in balance scorecard. However, in last section activity-based costing method has been suggested to improve the operations and its benefits and appropriateness to the organization have been discussed. SWOT analysis is an important tool to realize the company’s internal weaknesses and chances that exist outside the firm to grow (Helms, & Nixon, 2010). Therefore, in order to recommend the appropriate strategic model, it is essential to analyze the organization potential and opportunities exist for the organization. On the basis of the analysis, it has been determined that the major issues that company is facing include operational complexity, credit issues, marketing and pricing issues, lack of data availability, SKU based profitability, variability in the material of the product, and operating losses. The company needs to take some strategic decision in order to extract the company from maturity stage. The approach that has been used to make the decision is â€Å"rational strategic model of decision making† this approach will allow realizing the pros and cons of each decision made (Elbanna 2009).  

APA Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

APA Assignment - Essay Example gn trail† (2012, p.1).   The campaigns in America shocked even the players themselves with Obama decrying the negative onslaughts by Romney, who kept insisting on the significance of elevating the debate. When American voters were asked to comment on their take on the negative ads, their views were divided. The interview by ABC news showed that some voters argued that negativity can not be avoided because it works in politics. Others thought that while the campaigns are awash with negativity, aimed at persuading them, they hated this daylight bashing on televisions. One of the interviewees from Orlando, Julie Petosa, was concerned about the escalating tone and resigned â€Å"I don’t know how we’re going to live through three more months of it† (2012, p.1). An analysis by Kantar Media/CMAG data analyzed that three quarters of the $332 million channeled on TV advertising went towards negative ads. Many voters reasoned that although negative attacks vary in intensity and they wished they could avoid listening to them so as to maintain positive

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Project Management Organizational Structures paper - Essay Example The functional structure is often referred to as classical or traditional organizations which were developed from Marx Weber’s classical theory (Braden). In these types of organizations the power structured follows a vertical chain of command that is clearly defined. The general manager has control over the entire operations. All the division bosses report to him and the employees within each department report to the division managers. Employees working within this structure have a clear understanding of the power system. This is beneficial and it enhances loyalty among the workers since they understand who will help them move up in the corporate chain. The system itself is very organized and this simplifies the budgeting and control duties. A company establishing a new operation oversees would benefit from this model. In such a scenario management does not have a clear understanding on how the culture affects the employee’s productivity. A tight control is necessary to gear the employees into becoming a synergic unit with its unique corporate culture. Another situation in which the traditional corporate structure is beneficiary is in very large companies with lots of human resources. There are some disadvantages to a functional corporate structure. The model is not good at responding to the needs of the customers since no one in particular within the organization is focusing on their needs. Each department focuses in their particular task and the model does not allow effective communication between departments. The lack of communication makes the structured not suited for efficient project teams. There is very little project planning, reporting and practically no project authority. Innovation is not encouraged in this system. The different departments concentrate their efforts on their specific work tasks and do not visualize the importance of project teams. A pure product or projectized organizational structure is a

Effect of inflation and exchange rate on the PPP theory

Effect of inflation and exchange rate on the PPP theory Background The theoretical underpinning for the study of money demand and PPP is standard. The simplest form of the PPP theory suggests that goods market arbitrage enforces parity in national price levels. Hence, converted to a common currency, national price levels should be equal. Law of One Price The foundation of purchasing power parity is grounded in the law of one price. The theory states that barring frictional or complicating factors such as tariffs, taxes, and transportation costs, the price of internationally traded good in one country should achieve the identical price in another country, once the price is adjusted to a common currency. Thus, the economic theory suggests that two long-run relationships could be found: one between domestic prices, foreign prices, and the nominal exchange rate; and another between domestic prices, money, real income, and the nominal interest rate. While we would expect both the real exchange rate and real money demand to be fairly stable in the long run, we would also expect temporary deviations from these two long-run equilibrium to affect future fluctuations in the variables such that the long-run equilibrium are restored. This transformation, as well as some important economic structural reforms, could have arguably affected both the long-run money demand relationship and the real exchange rate, since it led to both some financial deepening (as low-income households gained access to formal banking services to a larger extent), as well as a strong increase in foreign competition, which in turn could have had a one-off effect on the domestic price level. Conceptually, the PPPs are very similar to consumer price indexes. The PPPs are measures of price level differences across space or, in their most popular form, across countries. Because the prices of goods and services in different countries are expressed in national currencies, the purchasing power parity between currencies of two countries, say A and B, is the number of units of currency of country B (or A) that has the same purchasing power as one unit of currency of country A (or B). Though the PPPs are similar to price index numbers in spatial comparisons, they assume special significance because the PPPs can be used as a conversion factor, in place of exchange rates, in converting various economic aggregates from different countries into a common currency unit. The converted aggregates are expressed in a common currency unit, and the aggregates are considered to be real value aggregates devoid of price variations among countries. These real aggregates make it feasible to under take cross-country comparisons and to undertake economic and statistical analyses on global and regional levels. The purchasing power of different currencies is equalized for a given basket of goods. In the relative version, the difference in the rate of change in prices at home and abroad the difference in the inflation rates is equal to the percentage depreciation or appreciation of the exchange rate. The best-known and most-used purchasing power parity exchange rate is the Geary-Khamis dollar (the international dollar). PPP exchange rate (the real exchange rate) fluctuations are mostly due to different rates of inflation between the two economies. Aside from this volatility, consistent deviations of the market and PPP exchange rates are observed, for example (market exchange rate) prices of non-traded goods and services are usually lower where incomes are lower. (A U.S. dollar exchanged and spent in Pakistan will buy more haircuts than a dollar spent in the United States). PPP takes into account this lower cost of living and adjusts for it as though all income was spent locally. In other words, PPP is the amount of a certain basket of basic goods which can be bought in the given country with the money it produces. Regardless, it is important to understand that purchasing power parity is a powerful tool that provides us a common lens by which to view the economic health and condition of different countries. Just as with any tool or device, we must be cognizant of the limitations and weakness of PPP and understand how we can control those limitations within a particular data set. 1.2 Problem Statement There can be substantial and prolonged periods of deviation from relative PPP exchange rates. To understand some of the potential causes for these deviations, it is most fruitful to take a closer look at the more important of the many assumptions we had to make before we could invoke the Law of One Price for individual goods on which PPP is based. Purpose of the Research Study The purpose of the study is to know the effect of inflation exchange rate on purchasing power parity. This research report will help for understanding the Purchasing Power Parity and how its effect inflation, exchange rates will it changes country by country. This study relates to the consequence of PPP in explaining the exchange rates between the currencies of developed countries and of Pakistan. This research is based on the idea that how inflation and exchange rate exerts compels over the purchasing power parity. This report will adheres transpire the mitigations for importers and exporters. In broad sense, this will help the consumer and one interested in importing the products and commodities to estimate that how inflation can aggregate its impacts over their transactions. It will compel the corrosion of the frequent importers and exporters. Whereas, this research report will be beneficial for ones studying or interested in inflation and economy. Corporate and many financial institutions performing the international transaction can mitigate and minimize their risk due to inflati onary pressure over Purchasing Power Parity. 1.4 Research Question What are the effects of inflation over PPP (Purchasing Power Parity?) Effects aggregated in broader sense are negative and positive, whether the purchasing power parity shows its increasing trend or decreasing trend. Positive in the sense that the country can now buy more goods from another country with the same size of currency bucket as compare to later one, whereas, the negative effects indicates the devaluation and limitation of purchasing goods from another country, spending more as compared to previous one. CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE REVIEW As prescribed by the title of the study Effects of inflation and exchange rate over purchasing parity. It is clearly determined that the two adjacent bodies, exchange rate and inflation rate can be jointly counted which can affect the purchasing power parity, The report on integration of Inflation (CPI) and PPP concludes that Consumer price index (CPI) and purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factors share conceptual similarities. The CPI measures changes in levels of prices of goods and services over time within a country whereas PPPs measure differences in levels of prices across countries or regions within a country. Therefore the CPI and PPPs refer, respectively, to the time and spatial dimension of price movements. The consumer price index is one of the most widely used economic indicators, compiled and disseminated by national statistical offices on a regular basis. The CPI measures play a prominent role in monitoring the effects of government policies, particularly monetar y policy, and provide the general public with a measure of changes in the prices of goods and services consumed. Purchasing power parities are defined as the number of currency units required to buy goods equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of the currency of the base country; or with one unit of the common currency of a group of countries. Officer (1982) It is been observed that in most cases it was found at least one co-integrating vector matching PPP. In three cases, the results depended on using the countries interest rates to explain the deviations from the long-run relation implied by PPP theory. However, the application of PPP theory should not be confined to the search for long-run relations: it should also lead to the study of short-run dynamics whereas; the factor of inflation is always to be considered to alter the maximization of effects over purchasing power parity. As per other empirical studies for South Africa, indicates that there exists a stable money demand type of relationship among domestic prices, broad money, real income, and interest rates, as well as a long-run relationship among domestic prices, foreign prices, and the nominal exchange rate. In the short run, shocks to the nominal exchange rate affect domestic prices but have virtually no impact on real output, while shocks to broad money have a temporary impact on real output before becoming inflationary. Both types of shocks seem to trigger a monetary policy response, as the short-term interest rate adjusts quickly. South Africa adopted a formal inflation-targeting framework for monetary policy early in 2000, following less than satisfactory experiences with other monetary policy regimes (such as an exchange rate peg and money growth targeting, during the previous decades. The inflation target was set at 3 to 6 percent by 2002, and transparency and accountability of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) were enhanced. According to a study the research has determined the facts and the level of relationship between how the inflation can under its stemmed branches i-e WPI, CPI and SPI indices can affect the purchasing power parity and exchange rate. There are few economic theories that have received as much scrutiny as purchasing power parity (PPP) and the determination of long-run real exchange rates. There is a vast empirical literature on these two related subjects presented in the research report. The message which emerges from the existing literature by this report is that it has only a very partial picture of why deviations from PPP are so constant over time. The inability to fully explain the dynamics of real exchange rates stems from the imperfect knowledge of the dynamics of price adjustment and of the fundamental variables driving long-run relative prices in the world economy has been kept as the based foundation in this study. When its added to that an imperfect knowledge of the channels t hrough which non-monetary shocks drive nominal exchange rates in the short run (Anton, 2006). The aim here is not to offer yet another comprehensive review, but to justify the relationship and the emerging affects of inflation on Purchasing Power Parity with the real exchange rates. Exchange rates may change over time in response to a number of different forces. Prominent among these forces are: (i) Domestic compared to foreign inflation rates, (ii) Commercial polices of the Government, including tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, and (iii) International movements of capital and incomes. Anticipating movements in each of the above exchange rates will require analysis of changes in these three critical sets of variables, which often will be causally related to each other. But here in this study the determination is about the changes that can be unveiled through the affects measured in this study. Moreover, it also provides a test of purchasing power parity (PPP) as an explanation for long term foreign exchange rate movements. It essentially extends the analysis of the So uth East Asian nations, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand. It imposes symmetry and proportionality restrictions flowing from the absolute form of purchasing power parity (PPP). The tests are also run for sub-periods with similar results. Symmetry and proportionality restrictions find little support in the unit root tests though the Johansen tests suggest that the foreign exchange rate and inflation rates are linked in a long run sense. Anton, (2006), The description illustrates that there is strong evidence that PPP holds as a long run constraint in countries at a lower stage of economic development and characterized by under developed capital markets. For those countries that has substantial foreign exchange speculation and capital movements, the changes of exchange rate deviate largely from PPP. The research also shows the there is lack of evidence to support the conventional wisdom which predict that a large share of non tradable sector, severe trade restrictions and intensified government intervention in foreign exchange market would lead to a divergence between the exchange rate and PPP. Nevertheless, most of the results are based on the data of the major industrial countries. While developing economics share many common characteristics in terms of exchange rate determination, there are some major differences between the two types of economics. Tang, M, (2005), this is simply the combination or effects gathered due to disturbance in inflation. As per the research, it has to be monitored that how the purchasing power parity is affected due to inflation and apparently the exchange rate. Whenever the inflation has aroused and sounded hyper, the exchange rate had showed a boosted move in the economy portraying the Purchasing Power Parity to decline. On the other hand, when it is said that inflation had decreased, it tends to appreciate the home currency resulting in incline in purchasing power parity because now the one in home country can achieve or being facilitated more if comparing goods from other country. In other words, a country whos PPP had shown an incline can buy more goods from other country as from the factor of inflation and Purchasing Power Parity. Mark J. Holmes., (2001), finds that there is no relation between Purchasing Power Parity confined to high inflation developing countries their techniques use new econometric techniques. Duo Qin Tao Tan., (2008), investigates their study categorized into two types: short-run and long-run common currency shocks. These shocks are used as explanatory variables to model the inflation and intraregional trade growths of the country concerned. The resulting models provide us with a base to simulate and evaluate the counterfactual situation of how much inflation and trade growths would be affected by the removal of these shocks. Methodologically using the approach can be considered as a special case of the latent variable structural models used commonly in behavioral research. First of all, the regional long-run exchange rate variability covariates with the world exchange rate variability a great deal whereas the short-run exchange rate variability is mainly regional specific. Consequently, a currency union would result in reducing the intraregional short-run currency volatility risks without much loss of the regional capacity of assimilating disequilibrium risks from the w orld currency movement. Results: Their dynamic modeling results show that the regional short-run shocks exert significant impact on the inflation and the intraregional trade growths of all the countries studied, overshadowing the impact found of the regional long-run shocks. They also find that the dynamic transmission paths of the regional shocks differ significantly from country to country. These finding makes it an oversimplified statement that smaller countries would benefit more than larger countries from a currency union. The benefit of a currency union is found, however, to be less substantial as far as the model-simulated magnitudes in inflation reduction and trade promotion are concerned. At the regional level, the magnitudes in trade promotion are much larger than the amount of inflation being reduced; at the country level, results vary and, in many cases, the benefits may not to be considered as substantial enough to warrant a vote for the union. Muhammad Zakaria, Eatzaz Ahmad and M.Mazhar Iqbal., (2007), investigates the determination of bilateral nominal exchange rates of Pak-rupee against its twelve major trading partners using standard econometric techniques based on quarterly date for the period 1983-2004. The results shows that nominal exchange rates depend on a number of endogenous and policy variables related to Pakistan and its trading partners. Specifically, fluctuations in nominal exchange rates can be explained by relative inflation rate at home and abroad, both governments monetary policies, terms of trade, trade policies and capital mobility. Their results also show that some controlled form of monetary policy may be useful for maintaining stability in exchange rates. Adnan Haider, Safdar Ullah Khan., (2007), investigates fiscal vis-a -vis monetary determinants of inflation which provide a brief review of some selected domestic and international studies. This review provides us the literature for Pakistan into two sets including studies which used government borrowing as a determinant of inflation and those which have not incorporated this determinant in their model setup. In the case of Turkey, Akcay, Alper and Ozmucur (1996) they investigate determinants of inflation using annual data from 1948 to 1994 vis-a -vis quarterly data from 1987 to 95. Their analysis reveals that a one unit increase in the deficit GNP ratio under money neutrality will increase the long-run inflation by 1.59 units. Also a one unit increase in the deficit GNP ratio under money neutrality will increase the long-run inflation by 5.67 which is much higher than 1.59 for the whole sample indicating greater impact of deficit on inflation during pre-bond financing period. Methodology: Co-integration methodology using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model this paper try to find long run relationship between inflation and volatility in government borrowing from central bank in Pakistan. Results: The fiscal imbalances and weak forecaster for future inflation in economies under study. More specifically, they found that the predicted rise in fiscal deficit scenario in future could possibly impact in an insignificant manner towards increasing inflation in the economy. CHAPTER 03 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Methodology The data that will be used for testing of high inflation and exchange rate on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is of 5 years. Since, to determine the effects on purchasing power parity, various commodities are necessary to be taken into account. In this report, to determine the purchasing power parity Crude Oil will be taken as a commodity. 3.2 Sampling Technique Under the non-Probability sampling, the researcher will use the convenience sampling because to measure the affects any 5 years of data is required, which can be accomplished by convenience sampling technique, predicting as the most appropriate technique for this project. 3.3 Sample Size In this research report one variable is Inflation and researcher took 5 years of Secondary data. And second variable is Exchange Rate and researcher took 5 years of secondary data. 3.4 Data Collection Since this report is based on effects on purchasing power parity due to inflation and exchange rate and according to sample size, 5 years of data will be taken into account. There is a large amount of data that has already been collected by others, although it may not necessarily have been analyzed. Locating these sources and retrieving the information is a good starting point in any data collection effort. Hence secondary data will be used in this report. 3.5 HYPOTHESIS H0: Positive effects due to increase in inflation and exchange rate on Purchasing Power Parity. H1: Negative effects due to increase in inflation and exchange rate on Purchasing Power Parity.

Essay --

Where to begin? The job market can often be confusing, especially to those who are making a career change. The biotechnology field is no exception. When thinking about any sub-field within a field, it is useful to consider several key points. What are the requirements of the job? For example, what qualifications, education, work experience, and background are usually desired? What does a normal day look like? What will the interaction with other people look like? What is a typical pay scale? Will travel be required? Is there room for growth? To consider these questions, the following uses the job of Quality Control Analyst. Quality Control can be considered a field all of its own. Most companies that produce a product of any kind will have quality control. This field is particularly important to the biotechnology field. The function is to ensure that products are consistent and procedures comply with federal regulation (Freedman 157). While there are sections that deal specifically in regulatory compliance, quality control itself is usually found in lab settings. Regulatory compliance usually falls under the category of Quality Assurance (Freedman 160). For those who work in Quality Control, the day is mostly spent in laboratory settings. The type of lab will more narrowly define the type of work that will be done. Generally, the analyst will test and analyze samples and send the paperwork to be reviewed (Freedman 162). However, not all quality control is product or sample based. Some of the work might be more systemic, involving validating the entire system. In some cases, means reviewing protocols or SOPs (Freedman 163). No matter what the exact niche of Quality Control, the need for very good documentation is paramount. If it... ... know on the current and emerging technologies. It will be encouraged by the employer to sharpen education and skills (Freedman 166). In conclusion, a person looking for a job as a Quality Control Analyst can find employment just about anywhere. Any company that produces a tangible product will have quality control. The job can be found all over this country and around the world. The salary is pretty good. Most companies with quality control offer competitive benefits (like insurance, retirement, continuing education, etc.) The job requires a college education but not necessarily a PhD. The job is intellectually stimulating, but can be repetitive. It most definitely requires a keen eye for detail and obsessive care for documentation. A person needn’t travel unless he or she is doing auditing. It does require a person to interact with co-workers but not the public.

Managing oganisational relationships Essay

Introduction â€Å"No Organisation can hope to keep up with the fast pace of change of the world today without enthusiastically embracing change within itself.† [www.thecommonwealth.org 2005] The above statement is very powerful, but one I strongly agree with, because changes are taking place everyday and if managers don’t respond to these changes then the business is most likely to suffer. Managers may have little ability to prevent change, but awareness that change is coming – can make it easier to deal with. If an organisation is prepared to handle an event, then many problems can be prevented or solved without difficulty. Management versus Leadership There is a continuing controversy about the differences between management and leadership. I think it’s obvious that a person can be a leader without being a manager and vice-versa. According to the management theorist Mary Follett: â€Å"Management is the art of getting things done through people† [M.Follett 1989] However, the idea that a Manager only manages people – I think is over-simplified. This is because managers hold many responsibilities. I have outlined below the role of a manger: – Decision Maker – Are held responsible for results – Have conflicting goals to achieve – Need to Plan and Budget – Work with and through people – organise staff. Whereas, leadership is; â€Å"the ability of an individual to influence, motivate and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organisation.† [House et al., 1999] From the above statement I can gather that the role of a leader is to mainly to: – Communicate – Motivate and, – Encourage employees Leadership is a managerial activity where employees work together towards achieving company goals. The difference between managers and leadership is that – managers are elected to supervise the work of other people in the organisation and carry out formal duties. While, leaders influence the behaviour or actions of others. Managers value stability, order and efficiency. Meanwhile, leaders value flexibility, innovation and adaptation. Managers are concerned more about how things get done and try to get people to perform better. Whereas, leaders are concerned with what things mean to people and try to get people to agree about the most important things to be done. As you can see there are many differences between management and leadership. I believe leaders are more effective than managers, as they influence workers to achieve company targets and their leadership approach is usually very effective. At Morrisons – the leadership style is very effective as the leader has many good characteristics. I have outlined these below; * Good communication skills * Is decisive * Good at delegation These characteristics help employees feel more valued as they know what is going on in the company and so try harder for the company to achieve targets. There are many approaches leaders can emphasise on: – Trait approach – Behaviour approach – Power-Influence approach – Situational approach – Integrative approach There are strengths and weaknesses to each of these approaches – and the approach used highly depends on the nature of the organisation and the situation they are in. I would say that at Laurens – cake factory, the managers implements a behavioural approach. They are very authoritarian – where they focus on power, decision making and hold authority with the leader. The management style they hold is ‘Task Management’. This is when they: * Focus on production * Expect schedules to be met * Problems arise from other peoples mistakes I don’t believe, that this approach is very effective because employers don’t involve employees in decision-making and don’t provide opportunity for training and development. I think this would make staff feel less valued and not part of a team – so, will not motivate them to perform better to achieve targets. Performance Management â€Å"performance management includes activities to ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner.† [www.managementhelp.org 2005] Performance management can focus on performance of an organisation, a department, processes to build a product or service, employees etc. Performance management reminds us that training, strong commitment and working hard alone are not results. The major contribution of performance management is its focus on achieving results. Performance management redirects our efforts away from business and gets managers to think towards effectiveness. Recently, organisations have been faced with challenges – of increasing competition from businesses across the world. This means that all businesses must choose effective strategies to remain competitive. Employees must commit to these – to ensure strategies are implemented effectively. This situation has put more focus on effectiveness, to achieve results. All of the results across the organisation must continue to be aligned to achieve the overall result for the organisation to survive and thrive. It is only then that organisations can really tell if they are performing. Culture of an Organisation Every organisation has its own unique culture, based on values of the top management who direct the organisation. However, over time individuals attempt to change the culture of their organisations to fit their own preferences or changing marketplace conditions. This culture then influences the decision-making processes and effects styles of management. Mullins defines the culture of an organisation as: â€Å"a collection of traditions, values, policies, beliefs and attitudes that constitute a pervasive context for everything we do and think in an organisation.† [Mullins 2002] A key role for culture is to differentiate the organisation from others and provide sense of identity for its members. At Accordia the culture is very democratic – as the manager delegates responsibilities on others. It is also creative and innovative because they are always open to new ideas. They build their culture around quality based upon commitment to the company as a whole. Cross Culture â€Å"As a business becomes more global the need to understand cultural differences is critical to success.† [M. BERGER 1996] Berger highlights the importance of cultures. I think it is essential to understand the basics of good cross-cultural relationships, because when people do things differently, they are not necessarily wrong – they just don’t follow this in their culture. I have drawn out a table below – giving an example of ‘how UK and France have different styles of conducting meetings’: UK France Purpose of meetings is to agree actions and make decisions Acceptable to astray from agenda in discussions Stick to agenda, deviate only if new priorities emerge Purpose of meetings is to give input to decisions, not necessarily to make decisions Time conscious Don’t challenge the ‘Big Boss’ Defined follow-up actions are generally agreed The key decision-maker may not be at meeting People are expected to attend on time and stay through out the entire meeting Not time-conscious – people come and go during meetings, there can be side discussions. Figure 1 [M. Berger 1996] As you can see there are many cultural differences. The UK and France have completely opposite managing styles. From respect and understanding people can find ways to work together – based on mutual strengths. I think cultural values affect attitudes and behaviours around the world and we need to examine how one can adapt their skills to the cultural approach in which they find themselves in. Flexible Working â€Å"Flexible working is the term used to describe the ability to employ people – when and where required in the interests of everybody.† [R. Pettinger 2002] There has been a huge movement towards flexible working over the years and Neatly & Hurstfield found that: â€Å"Employers were making increasing demands on all employees to become more flexible, both in working hours and in functional flexibility.† [Hurstfield 1995] Flexible working involves the creation of work patterns and arrangements which are based on the need to maximise organisational output, customer and client satisfaction and staff expertise and effectiveness. I found out that there are many approaches to flexible workforce – Atkinson was one of them, where he produced the ‘flexible firm’ model in 1984. Diagram – flexible firm I believe that this model has more relevance today – because when we look at the retail sectors – every employee is flexible. For example; At Woolworths they have their core managers – who work contracted hours. And then all the other employees are part time workers with high flexibility hours. I think they take advantage of the functional flexibility, where they recruit more staff and create short-term contracts – when sales are likely to be high, eg) Christmas. This maximises flexibility – as they are getting workers in only when needed. I think the flexible firm model – shows that the environment is more competitive and the need for cost effectiveness is important. I think Atkinson was well ahead of his time – and predicted accurately. I consider the greatest emphasis was based on the flexibility in part time working – as many retailers implement this model. Psychological Contract The term Psychological contract is; â€Å"the perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other.† [www.adelphi-associates.co.uk] It is the psychological contract that effectively tells employees what they are required to do in order to meet their side of the agreement, and what they can expect from their job. There has been conflict in employees not commiting to their contract, but due to the changes occuring recently, employees have been persuaded to taking the contract more seriously. I have listed the changes below: – The nature of jobs – more employees are on part time and temporary contracts, so, functional flexibility is more popular – Organisations have downsized and delayered – so individual employees are carrying out more tasks. – Markets, technology and products are constantly changing – customers are becoming more demanding. So, quality and service standards need to be of high standards – Traditional organisational structures are becoming more inflexible – so, new methods of managing are required. The effect of these changes is that – the ability of the business to add value, rests on employees, where they are seen as the key business drivers. Organisations that wish to succeed have to get the most out of their resources. In order to do this, employers have to know what employees expect from their work. This is where the psychological contract is used – as a framework for monitoring employee attitudes. Since 1990’s employees have low job security – due to the impact of globalisation. This has completely changed the traditional contracts where there is ‘no job for life’. The new contract mainly focusses on fair pay and treatment and also opportunities for training and development – notion of ‘continuous learning’. On this analysis, employers can no longer offer job security and this has underminded the basis of employee commitment. Conclusion To conclude, I have found out that change within an organisation is inevitable and managers need to respond to these changes for their business to remain successful. The trend towards globalisation – is accelerating as foreign competition intensifies. This leads to a change in managerial responsibilities – where managers must be able to understand and communicate with people from different cultures. Cultural diversity is increasing within the workforce – where managers require the understanding of values, beliefs and attitudes of people from different cultures. I believe it is necessary for managers to have the understanding of building mutual relationships and have respect for diversity – so they can work together without difficulties. Flexible working has also become very popular, where employers are constantly seeking flexible staff. This is so they can fully utilise their resources effectively. Organisations are familiar with the notion of ‘high-quality staff willing to work – when required’. This is due to the fact that – the staff, expertise and resources have to be engaged when customers and clients demand. The psychological contract enables employers to look at the welfare of employees. eg) what employees want: fair pay, continuous learning, opportunity for training and development etc. Overall, I have found out that – the nature of organisations are changing with the times – and both employees and employers are benefiting from these particular changes. Also, these changes have a huge impact on Managerial theories today.    References Books: STREDWICK. J. (2005). An Introduction to Human Resource Management. Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford. PETTINGER. R. (2002). Managing the Flexible Workforce. Capstone Publishing: Oxford. BERGER. M. (1996). Cross-Cultural Team Building, McGraw-Hill: London. BJERKE. B. (2001). Business Leadership and Culture. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham. MARTIN. G, KEATING. M. (2004). Managing Cross-Cultural Business Relations. Blackwell: London. MILES. R. (1975). Theories of Management: Implications for Organisation Behaviour and Development. McGraw-Hill: Oxford. WATERS. M. (1995).Globalization. Routledge: London. STREDWICK. J, ELLIS. S. (1998). Flexible Working Practices. Institue of Personnel Development: Wiltshire. YULK. G. (2002). Leadership In Organisations. Prentice Hall: New Jersey. ATCHINSON. T. (1978). Management Today. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: New Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: New York. Web Sites: (2005). Culture of Organisations. [online]. Available at: URL:http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/learn/business/aim/culture [Accessed on 20/1/2006]. (2003). Employee Peformance Management. [online]. Available at: URL:http://www.managementhelp.org [Accessed on 20/1/2006]. (2005). Psychological Contract. [online]. Available at: URL:http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/empreltns/psycntrct/ [Accessed on 21/1/2006]. (2005). Academic leadership: Online Journal. [online]. Available at: URL:http://www.academicleadership.org/ [Accessed on 27/1/2006].

Animal Rights Essay

Animal Rights Essay If you need to write a paper on animal rights – and you need help in formulating the idea you want the paper to say – you have come to the right place. The problem of animal rights is a very righteous topic today, as some animals are on the edge of extinction, and without any actions in near future they might totally get extinct. By writing an essay on animal rights – you commit your desire to help solve this problem and assist in any actions that might help resolve this issue. A successful paper on animal rights – is a paper, where the writer expresses his own observations to the problem, and proposes a way to solve this problem. So in order to have a great animal rights essay, animal rights research paper, animal rights term paper – a student has to come up with his own experiments and proposals of the solution, and explain the ways of implementation of the methods. When starting to write on this topic – try thinking a while on what was done before you and what needs to be done. If you make a good analysis of the problem – it will give you a more clear view on the ways to avoid animal cruelty and hunting on nearly extinct species. After you get an approximate idea of the ways you can help preserve nature – try thinking about the possible consequences of your actions. You also will have to conduct a critical analysis of your proposed actions, and find strong and weak sides of your actions. Your paper will be successful only in case you manage to deliver the message you write in your paper, and make a series of very strong arguments on how to preserve animals on earth.   You have to convince the professor, that your methods are the most successful and effective. You can also compare your ideas with other ideas in the same field. CustomWritings.com can easily write a custom paper on animal rights. If you desperately seek assistance in writing an animal rights paper – try contacting custom writings, and we ill do everything possible to help you with this paper. Our company has great experience in writing papers of this type, and you will surely be satisfied with the quality of the custom papers on animal rights from CustomWritings.com.

Music Publishing essays

Music Publishing essays Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College BA (Hons) Music Industry Management Level 1 Assess and appreciate the function and process of music publishing. Interpret the relationship between music publishers and the agencies who act on their behalf in collecting royalties, both at home and abroad. Identify the place of music publishing within the music industry in relation to that of the other players in the industry. Identify and define the complexities and implications of music copyright. Among all those live for and of music, the publisher plays the most ambiguous part. He stands at the cross roads of art and commerce enthusiasm for the art and business sense meet and miss each other; between artistic obsession and commercial acumen, promotion the art and translating it into good money. Composers expect from him, both fame and fortune and fortune. Roth E. (1998) This Business of Music. Billboard Publications 6th Edition. ....There is no harm in reminding ourselves why music publishers exits. Fresh ideas and thinking are constantly needed for the music publishers essential roles recognition of extraordinary talent, aggressive promotion, imaginative thinking about music use, astute protection of rights and efficient administration.... Dadswell P. (1998) Music Copyright Matters. January As the above quotation so expressively states, the music publisher stands at the crossroads of musical creation and the market. The music publisher must discover, nurture, stimulate, develop and promote musical creation. In so doing, the music publisher plays a crucial function in the selection and delivery of high quality content to the public. In addition, the music publisher escorts a musical work throughout its copyright term by ensuring its renewal and continued exploitation. The purpose of my speech this evening is to provide you with an overview...

English 2 Investor Relations Officer Assignment

English 2 Investor Relations Officer - Assignment Example It even extends up to other disciplines like the business administration field of professionalism. This means that getting an employment in this industry is not a walk in the park; however, a good self-marketing strategies and a well placed resume would lead one right into the business. The main reason why one would want to venture into this field is the huge amount of potential cash that one can get in the field. We have seen how successful people can be in the real estate marketing industry. The world is in a position whereby very many constructions are going on with each passing day. There is the need for many real estate agencies to market and help bring up these buildings. The other reason why some people have ventured into this business is the self-drive and passion for such things as real estate marketing (Securities Data). Some people have a personal liking for marketing and message delivery in the real estate industry. They follow this passion and get through all the obstacles that might get in their way to pursue their dreams. These are the most persistent candidates for the job since they rarely take no for an answer. They look for jobs in one office after another without despair. An investor relations officer links the company to the outside world as he helps in the conveyance of the different kind of messages to the intended persons. He helps to settle the company’s legal need so that there are no complications. The real estate industry is infested with so many legal wrangles between the member companies and, in some cases, with the public too (Basskaran 76). As an amateur in the business, it would not be easy finding your way into the various fields. One is often bullied by those with experience. The more one gets the needed experience, the better they are at their job. As much as academic qualifications matter in the job, in most cases, it is one’s character that bails them out; how you would express yourself when your company is in need